J/A+A/625/A141ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/625/A141doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36250141CDSLomaeva M.Joensson H.Ryde N.Schultheis M.Thorsbro B.2022-09-13T15:06:52Z2019-05-29T06:40:57ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgiant-starschemical-abundancesspectroscopyThe formation and evolution of the Galactic bulge and the Milky Way is still a debated subject. Observations of the X-shaped bulge, cylindrical stellar motions, and the presumed existence of a fraction of young stars in the bulge have suggested that it formed through secular evolution of the disk and not through gas dissipation and/or mergers, as thought previously. Our goal was to measure the abundances of six iron-peak elements (Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Co, and Ni) in the local thin and thick disks and in the bulge. These abundances can provide additional observational constraints for Galaxy formation and chemical evolution models, and help us to understand whether the bulge has emerged from the thick disk or not. We use high-resolution optical spectra of 291 K giants in the local disk mostly obtained by the FIES at NOT (signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 80-100) and 45K giants in the bulge obtained by the UVES/FLAMES at VLT (S/N of 10-80). The abundances are measured using Spectroscopy Made Easy (SME). Additionally, we apply non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) corrections to the ratios [Mn/Fe] and [Co/Fe]. The thin and thick disks were separated according to their metallicity, [Ti/Fe], as well as proper motions and the radial velocities from Gaia DR2. The trend of [V/Fe] vs. [Fe/H] shows a separation between the disk components, being more enhanced in the thick disk. Similarly, the [Co/Fe] vs. [Fe/H] trend shows a hint of an enhancement in the local thick disk. The trends of V and Co in the bulge appear to be even more enhanced, although within the uncertainties. The decreasing value of [Sc/Fe] with increasing metallicity is observed in all the components, while our [Mn/Fe] value steadily increases with increasing metallicity in the local disk and the bulge instead. For Cr and Ni we find a flat trend following iron for the whole metallicity range in the disk and the bulge. The ratio of [Ni/Fe] appears slightly overabundant in the thick disk and the bulge compared to the thin disk, although the difference is minor. The somewhat enhanced ratios of [V/Fe] and [Co/Fe] observed in the bulge suggest that the local thick disk and the bulge might have experienced different chemical enrichment and evolutionary paths. However, we are unable to predict the exact evolutionary path of the bulge solely based on these observations. Galactic chemical evolution models could, on the other hand, allow us to predict them using these results.2019A&A...625A.141Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/625/A141CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/543/A160 : Normalized spectra of 82 Kepler red giants (Thygesen+, 2012)J/A+A/598/A100 : Abundances of disk giants: O, Mg, Ca and Ti (Jonsson+, 2017)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/625/A141https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/625/A141http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/625/A141https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/625/A141https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/625/A141http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/625/A141GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/625/A141/tablea14 (Basic data (table A1) and stellar parameters and abundances (table A4) for the observed disk giants)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/625/A141/tablea14?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/625/A141/tablea14?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/625/A141/tablea14?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true5.3055297083-8.281156250.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/625/A141/tablea25 (Basic data (table A2) and stellar parameters and abundances (table A5) for the observed bulge giants)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/625/A141/tablea25?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/625/A141/tablea25?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/625/A141/tablea25?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true269.7688875-29.176813890.0055555555555555566/737 2312 4146 4444 4574 5382 5535 5982 6219 6294 7886 8214 8348 8470 8477 8479 8536 8704 8719 8767 8776 8787 8927 8932 8967 8986 8997 9011-9012 9031 9083 9085 9209 9237 9243 9258 9337 9350 9355 9378 9553 9559 9572 9607 9632 9645 9665 9667 9677 9706 9712 9780 9818 9887 9901-9902 9904 9907 9916 9942 9948 10002-10003 10084 10101 10112 10114 10192 10224 10313-10314 10321 10334 10380 10476 10485 10504 10555 10584 10609 10615 10644 10656 10691 10699-10700 11189 11350 11370 11427 11432 11492 11656 11658 11792 11795 11929 12082 12429 12522 12720 12735 12809 13138 13210 13282 13731 13757 13882 14084 14385 14442 14482 14496 14578 14583-14585 14587 14589 14591 14632 14692 14705 14720 14730 14735 14746 14752-14754 14757 14762-14763 14766-14767 14775 14779 14818 14825 14827 14915 14923-14924 14930-14931 14933 14936-14938 14940 14942 14944 14948 14953-14954 14964-14966 14971 14975 15040-15041 15044 15060 15106 15108 15114 15120-15121 15127-15128 15143 15146 15148 15153-15154 15157 15176 15227 15246 15289 15302-15303 15500 15567 15895 15929 15987 16023 16035 16050 16148 17266 17731 18688 18778 18893 18911 19414 21612 24374 25246 25278 25684 25891 26070 26078 28465 28768 28770 28778 28864 28882 30022 30064 30110 30339 30359 30540 30606 31071 31096 31317 31357 31405 31408 31428 31435 31475 31488 31531 31534 31574 31688 31749 31751 31760 31814 31817 31873 32044 32087 32101 32140 32186 32221 32227 32243 32274 32277 32291 32397 32433 32458 32463 32492 32502 32509 32523 32541 32554 32556 32595 32613 32651 32659 32676 32708 40795 44518 44771 44926 47852-47853 48051https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/625/A141?format=asciidefaultJ/A+A/625/A141/tablea3Atomic line data for lines analyzedrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameElementmeta.id;meta.maincharlambdaWavelength0.1nmem.wldoubleloggflog(gf) valuestat.value;arith.zpfloatEexcExcitation energyeVphys.atmol.excitationfloatr_loggfReference for loggf (1)meta.ref;pos.frameintJ/A+A/625/A141/tablea14Basic data (table A1) and stellar parameters and abundances (table A4) for the observed disk giantsA(Ni)? Nickel abundancephys.abundfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharNameName (HIP, KIC or TYC)meta.id;meta.maincharANameAlternative namemeta.idcharRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmagV magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatRVRadial velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloatS/NSignal-to-noise ratio (1)stat.snrintSourceSource of spectrum (2)meta.bibcharTeffEffective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintloggSurface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloat[Fe/H]Relative iron abundancephys.abund.FefloatVmicMicroturbulence velocitykm/sphys.veloc.microTurbfloatA(Sc)Scandium abundancephys.abundfloatA(V)? Vanadium abundancephys.abundfloatnullableA(Cr)? Chromium abundancephys.abundfloatnullableA(Mn)? Manganese abundancephys.abundfloatnullableA(Co)? Cobalt abundancephys.abundfloatnullableJ/A+A/625/A141/tablea25Basic data (table A2) and stellar parameters and abundances (table A5) for the observed bulge giantsSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableNameNamemeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmagV magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatS/NSignal-to-noise ratio (1)stat.snrintTeffEffective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintloggSurface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloat[Fe/H]Relative iron abundancephys.abund.FefloatVmicMicroturbulence velocitykm/sphys.veloc.microTurbfloatA(Sc)Scandium abundancephys.abundfloatA(V)? Vanadium abundancephys.abundfloatnullableA(Cr)? Chromium abundancephys.abundfloatnullableA(Mn)? Manganese abundancephys.abundfloatnullableA(Co)? Cobalt abundancephys.abundfloatnullableA(Ni)Nickel abundancephys.abundfloat