J/A+A/603/A33ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/603/A33doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36030033CDSGiannetti A.Leurini S.Wyrowski F.Urquhart J.Csengeri T.,Menten K.M.Koenig C.Guesten R.2017-07-17T11:43:15Z2017-07-04T08:27:48ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frinterstellar-mediummolecular-cloudseffective-temperatureradial-velocityObservational identification of a solid evolutionary sequence for high-mass star-forming regions is still missing. Spectroscopic observations give the opportunity to test possible schemes and connect the phases identified to physical processes. We aim to use the progressive heating of the gas caused by the feedback of high-mass young stellar objects to prove the statistical validity of the most common schemes used to observationally define an evolutionary sequence for high-mass clumps, and characterise the sensitivity of different tracers to this process. From the spectroscopic follow-ups carried out towards submillimeter continuum (dust) emission-selected massive clumps (the ATLASGAL TOP100 sample) with the IRAM 30m, Mopra, and APEX telescopes between 84GHz and 365GHz, we selected several multiplets of CH_3_N, CH_3_CH, and CH_3_H emission lines to derive and compare the physical properties of the gas in the clumps along the evolutionary sequence, fitting simultaneously the large number of lines that these molecules have in the observed band. Our findings are compared with results obtained from optically thin CO isotopologues, dust, and ammonia from previous studies on the same sample. The chemical properties of each species have a major role on the measured physical properties. Low temperatures are traced by ammonia, methanol, and CO (in the early phases), the warm and dense envelope can be probed with CH_3_N, CH_3_CH, and, in evolved sources where CO is abundant in the gas phase, via its optically thin isotopologues. CH_3_H and CH_3_N are also abundant in the hot cores, and we suggest that their high-excitation transitions are good tools to study the kinematics in the hot gas associated with the inner envelope surrounding the young stellar objects that these clumps are hosting. All tracers show, to different degrees according to their properties, progressive warming with evolution. The relation between gas temperature and the luminosity-to-mass (L/M) ratio is reproduced by a simple toy model of a spherical, internally heated clump.2017A&A...603A..33Ghttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/603/A33CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/570/A65 : ATLASGAL massive clumps CO depletion (Giannetti+, 2014)J/A+A/586/A149 : SiO in ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps (Csengeri+, 2016)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/603/A33https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/603/A33http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/603/A33https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/603/A33https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/603/A33http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/603/A33GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/603/A33/tablea1 (Properties of the sources in the TOP100)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/603/A33/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/603/A33/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/603/A33/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true271.597453-21.618890.0055555555555555565/7278 10614 6/14353 28803 28919 29091 29097 29101 29116 29505 29508-29509 29529 29532 30218 30256 30258 30262 30268-30269 30318-30319 30405 30422 30618 30694 30716 41653 41655 41677 41685 41759 41767 41772 41776 41812 41814-41815 41820 42159 42168-42169 42172-42173 42211 42215 42224 42226-42227 42229-42230 42376 42378-42379 42381 42383 42387 42390 42392 42396 42398 42451 42455 42460-42461 42497-42498 42512 43013https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/603/A33?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/603/A33/tablea1Properties of the sources in the TOP100_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data)degpos.eq.decnullableindexedrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintAGALAGAL source name (CSC) (LLLL.lll+BB.bbb)meta.id;meta.maincharGLONGalactic longitudedegpos.galactic.lonGLATGalactic latitudedegpos.galactic.latDistDistancekpcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatLbolBolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminosityintMassMass100solMassphys.massfloatNH2Peak column density of molecular hydrogen1e+22cm**-2phys.columnDensity;stat.maxfloatClassClassificationmeta.code.classcharobs-CH3CCHObserved in CH_3_CH?meta.codecharobs-CH3CNObserved in CH_3_N?meta.codecharobs-CH3OHObserved in CH_3_H?meta.codecharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/A+A/603/A33/tablea2Physical parameters for CH_3_CCHrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintAGALAGAL source name (CSC) (LLLL.lll+BB.bbb)meta.id;meta.maincharT? TemperatureKphys.temperaturefloatnullableb_T? Lower bound of the temperature 95% HPD intervalKphys.temperature;stat.minfloatnullableB_T? Upper bound of the temperature 95% HPD intervalKphys.temperature;stat.maxfloatnullableN? Molecular column densitycm**-2phys.columnDensityfloatnullableb_N? Lower bound of the column density 95% HPD intervalcm**-2phys.columnDensity;stat.minfloatnullableB_N? Upper bound of the column density 95% HPD intervalcm**-2phys.columnDensity;stat.maxfloatnullableDiam? Inferred diameterarcsecphys.angSizefloatnullableb_Diam? Lower bound of the inferred diameter 95% HPD intervalarcsecphys.angSize;stat.minfloatnullableB_Diam? Upper bound of the inferred diameter 95% HPD intervalarcsecphys.angSize;stat.maxfloatnullableDV? Line FWHMkm/sspect.line.widthfloatnullableb_DV? Lower bound of the line FWHM 95% HPD intervalkm/sspect.line.width;stat.minfloatnullableB_DV? Upper bound of the line FWHM 95% HPD intervalkm/sspect.line.width;stat.maxfloatnullableJ/A+A/603/A33/tablea3Velocity and calibration factors for CH_3_CCHrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintAGALAGAL source name (CSC) (LLLL.lll+BB.bbb)meta.id;meta.maincharVlsr? Radial velocitykm/sspect.dopplerVeloc;pos.lsrfloatnullableb_Vlsr? Lower bound of the radial velocity 95% HPD intervalkm/sspect.dopplerVeloc;stat.minfloatnullableB_Vlsr? Upper bound of the radial velocity 95% HPD intervalkm/sspect.dopplerVeloc;stat.maxfloatnullableCF54? Scaling factor for the 5-4 line seriesarith.factorfloatnullableb_CF54? Lower bound of the CF54 95% HPD intervaltime.interval;stat.minfloatnullableB_CF54? Upper bound of the CF54 95% HPD intervaltime.interval;stat.maxfloatnullableCF65? Scaling factor for the 6-5 line seriesarith.factorfloatnullableb_CF65? Lower bound of the CF65 95% HPD intervaltime.interval;stat.minfloatnullableB_CF65? Upper bound of the CF65 95% HPD intervaltime.interval;stat.maxfloatnullableCF2019? Scaling factor for the 20-19 line seriesarith.factorfloatnullableb_CF2019? Lower bound of the CF2019 95% HPD intervaltime.interval;stat.minfloatnullableB_CF2019? Upper bound of the CF2019 95% HPD intervaltime.interval;stat.maxfloatnullableJ/A+A/603/A33/tablea4Physical parameters of the cool component for CH_3_CNrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintAGALAGAL source name (CSC) (LLLL.lll+BB.bbb)meta.id;meta.maincharT? Temperature (cool component)Kphys.temperaturefloatnullableb_T? Lower bound of the temperature 95% HPD interval (cool component)Kphys.temperature;stat.minfloatnullableB_T? Upper bound of the temperature 95% HPD interval (cool component)Kphys.temperature;stat.maxfloatnullableN? Molecular column density (cool component)cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloatnullableb_N? Lower bound of the column density 95% HPD interval (cool component)cm**-2phys.columnDensity;stat.minfloatnullableB_N? Upper bound of the column density 95% HPD interval (cool component)cm**-2phys.columnDensity;stat.maxfloatnullableDiam? Inferred diameter (cool component)arcsecphys.angSizefloatnullableb_Diam? Lower bound of the inferred diameter 95% HPD interval (cool component)arcsecphys.angSize;stat.minfloatnullableB_Diam? Upper bound of the inferred diameter 95% HPD interval (cool component)arcsecphys.angSize;stat.maxfloatnullableDV? Line FWHM (cool component)km/sspect.line.widthfloatnullableb_DV? Lower bound of the line FWHM 95% HPD interval (cool component)km/sspect.line.width;stat.minfloatnullableB_DV? Upper bound of the line FWHM 95% HPD interval (cool component)km/sspect.line.width;stat.maxfloatnullableJ/A+A/603/A33/tablea5Physical parameters of the hot component for CH_3_CNrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintAGALAGAL source name (CSC) (LLLL.lll+BB.bbb)meta.id;meta.maincharTTemperature (hot component)Kphys.temperaturefloatb_TLower bound of the temperature 95% HPD interval (hot component)Kphys.temperature;stat.minfloatB_TUpper bound of the temperature 95% HPD interval (hot component)Kphys.temperature;stat.maxfloatNMolecular column density (hot component)cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloatb_NLower bound of the column density 95% HPD interval (hot component)cm**-2phys.columnDensity;stat.minfloatB_NUpper bound of the column density 95% HPD interval (hot component)cm**-2phys.columnDensity;stat.maxfloatDiamInferred diameter (hot component)arcsecphys.angSizefloatb_DiamLower bound of the inferred diameter 95% HPD interval (hot component)arcsecphys.angSize;stat.minfloatB_DiamUpper bound of the inferred diameter 95% HPD interval (hot component)arcsecphys.angSize;stat.maxfloatDVLine FWHM (hot component)km/sspect.line.widthfloatb_DVLower bound of the line FWHM 95% HPD interval (hot component)km/sspect.line.width;stat.minfloatB_DVUpper bound of the line FWHM 95% HPD interval (hot component)km/sspect.line.width;stat.maxfloatJ/A+A/603/A33/tablea6Velocity and calibration factors for CH_3_CNrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintAGALAGAL source name (CSC) (LLLL.lll+BB.bbb)meta.id;meta.maincharVlsr? Radial velocitykm/sspect.dopplerVeloc;pos.lsrfloatnullableb_Vlsr? Lower bound of the radial velocity 95% HPD intervalkm/sspect.dopplerVeloc;stat.minfloatnullableB_Vlsr? Upper bound of the radial velocity 95% HPD intervalkm/sspect.dopplerVeloc;stat.maxfloatnullableCF54? Scaling factor for the 5-4 line seriesarith.factorfloatnullableb_CF54? Lower bound of the CF54 95% HPD intervaltime.interval;stat.minfloatnullableB_CF54? Upper bound of the CF54 95% HPD intervaltime.interval;stat.maxfloatnullableCF65? Scaling factor for the 6-5 line seriesarith.factorfloatnullableb_CF65? Lower bound of the CF65 95% HPD intervaltime.interval;stat.minfloatnullableB_CF65? Upper bound of the CF65 95% HPD intervaltime.interval;stat.maxfloatnullableCF1918? Scaling factor for the 19-18 line seriesarith.factorfloatnullableb_CF1918? Lower bound of the CF1918 95% HPD intervaltime.interval;stat.minfloatnullableB_CF1918? Upper bound of the CF1918 95% HPD intervaltime.interval;stat.maxfloatnullableJ/A+A/603/A33/tablea7Physical parameters of the cool component for CH_3_OH (The velocity and calibration factor are also included)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintAGALAGAL source name (CSC) (LLLL.lll+BB.bbb)meta.id;meta.maincharT? Temperature (cool component)Kphys.temperaturefloatnullableb_T? Lower bound of the temperature 95% HPD interval (cool component)Kphys.temperature;stat.minfloatnullableB_T? Upper bound of the temperature 95% HPD interval (cool component)Kphys.temperature;stat.maxfloatnullableN? Molecular column density (cool component)cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloatnullableb_N? Lower bound of the column density 95% HPD interval (cool component)cm**-2phys.columnDensity;stat.minfloatnullableB_N? Upper bound of the column density 95% HPD interval (cool component)cm**-2phys.columnDensity;stat.maxfloatnullableDV? Line FWHM (cool component)km/sspect.line.widthfloatnullableb_DV? Lower bound of the line FWHM 95% HPD interval (cool component)km/sspect.line.width;stat.minfloatnullableB_DV? Upper bound of the line FWHM 95% HPD interval (cool component)km/sspect.line.width;stat.maxfloatnullableVlsr? Radial velocitykm/sspect.dopplerVeloc;pos.lsrfloatnullableb_Vlsr? Lower bound of the radial velocity 95% HPD intervalkm/sspect.dopplerVeloc;stat.minfloatnullableB_Vlsr? Upper bound of the radial velocity 95% HPD intervalkm/sspect.dopplerVeloc;stat.maxfloatnullableCF? Scaling factor for the methanol bandsarith.factorfloatnullableb_CF? Lower bound of the CF 95% HPD intervaltime.interval;stat.minfloatnullableB_CF? Upper bound of the CF 95% HPD intervaltime.interval;stat.maxfloatnullableJ/A+A/603/A33/tablea8Physical parameters of the hot component for CH_3_OHrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintAGALAGAL source name (CSC) (LLLL.lll+BB.bbb)meta.id;meta.maincharTTemperature (hot component)Kphys.temperaturefloatb_TLower bound of the temperature 95% HPD interval (hot component)Kphys.temperature;stat.minfloatB_TUpper bound of the temperature 95% HPD interval (hot component)Kphys.temperature;stat.maxfloatNMolecular column density (hot component)cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloatb_NLower bound of the column density 95% HPD interval (hot component)cm**-2phys.columnDensity;stat.minfloatB_NUpper bound of the column density 95% HPD interval (hot component)cm**-2phys.columnDensity;stat.maxfloatDiamInferred diameter (hot component)arcsecphys.angSizefloatb_DiamLower bound of the inferred diameter 95% HPD interval (hot component)arcsecphys.angSize;stat.minfloatB_DiamUpper bound of the inferred diameter 95% HPD interval (hot component)arcsecphys.angSize;stat.maxfloatDVLine FWHM (hot component)km/sspect.line.widthfloatb_DVLower bound of the line FWHM 95% HPD interval (hot component)km/sspect.line.width;stat.minfloatB_DVUpper bound of the line FWHM 95% HPD interval (hot component)km/sspect.line.width;stat.maxfloat