J/A+A/602/A77ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/602/A77doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36020077CDSTige J.Motte F.Russeil D.Zavagno A.Hennemann M.Schneider N.,Hill T.Nguyen Luong Q.Di Francesco J.Bontemps S.Louvet F.,Didelon P.Konyves V.Andre P.Leuleu G.Bardagi J.Anderson L.D.,Arzoumanian D.Benedettini M.Bernard J.-P.Elia D.Figueira M.,Kirk J.Martin P.G.Minier V.Molinari S.Nony T.Persi P.,Pezzuto S.Polychroni D.Rayner T.Rivera-Ingraham A.Roussel H.,Rygl K.Spinoglio L.White G.J.2021-02-03T13:34:47Z2017-08-28T13:09:54ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmolecular-cloudsmillimeter-astronomyphotometrysubmillimeter-astronomyTo constrain models of high-mass star formation, the Herschel-HOBYS key program aims at discovering massive dense cores (MDCs) able to host the high-mass analogs of low-mass prestellar cores, which have been searched for over the past decade. We here focus on NGC 6334, one of the best-studied HOBYS molecular cloud complexes. We used Herschel/PACS and SPIRE 70-500{mu}m images of the NGC 6334 complex complemented with (sub)millimeter and mid-infrared data. We built a complete procedure to extract ~0.1pc dense cores with the getsources software, which simultaneously measures their far-infrared to millimeter fluxes. We carefully estimated the temperatures and masses of these dense cores from their spectral energy distributions (SEDs). We also identified the densest pc-scale cloud structures of NGC 6334, one 2pcx1pc ridge and two 0.8pcx0.8pc hubs, with volume-averaged densities of ~10^5^cm^-3^. A cross-correlation with high-mass star formation signposts suggests a mass threshold of 75M_{sun}_ for MDCs in NGC 6334. MDCs have temperatures of 9.5-40K, masses of 75-1000M_{sun}_, and densities of 1x10^5^-7x10^7^cm^-3^. Their mid-infrared emission is used to separate 6 IR-bright and 10 IR-quiet protostellar MDCs while their 70{mu}m emission strength, with respect to fitted SEDs, helps identify 16 starless MDC candidates. The ability of the latter to host high-mass prestellar cores is investigated here and remains questionable. An increase in mass and density from the starless to the IR-quiet and IR-bright phases suggests that the protostars and MDCs simultaneously grow in mass. The statistical lifetimes of the high-mass prestellar and protostellar core phases, estimated to be 1-7x10^4^yr and at most 3x10^5^yr respectively, suggest a dynamical scenario of high-mass star formation. The present study provides good mass estimates for a statistically significant sample, covering the earliest phases of high-mass star formation. High-mass prestellar cores may not exist in NGC 6334, favoring a scenario presented here, which simultaneously forms clouds, ridges, MDCs, and high-mass protostars.2017A&A...602A..77Thttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/602/A77CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJS/69/99 : NGC 6334 centers of star formation JHK photom. (Straw+ 1989)J/A+A/316/102 : JHK Photometry in NGC 6334 (Tapia+, 1996)J/A+A/357/1020 : JHK photometry in NGC 6334. IV (Persi+, 2000)J/ApJ/668/906 : Massive clumps in NGC 6334 (Munoz+, 2007)J/A+A/481/169 : ATCA 3mm obs. of NGC 6334I and NGC 6334I(N) (Beuther+, 2008)J/AJ/136/2083 : NGC 6334 clumps from 450/850um observations (Matthews+, 2009)J/AJ/138/227 : Stellar clusters in NGC 6334 complex (Feigelson+, 2009)J/ApJ/707/1 : Water and Methanol masers in NGC 6334I(N) (Brogan+, 2009)J/A+A/515/A55 : NGC 6334-NGC 6357 complex (Russeil+, 2010)J/A+A/538/A142 : OB stars in NGC 6334 and NGC 6357 (Russeil+, 2012)J/ApJ/778/96 : Spitzer and NEWFIRM observations of NGC 6334 (Willis+, 2013)J/A+A/587/A135 : Halpha images of NGC 6334 and NGC 6357 (Russeil+, 2016)J/A+A/592/A54 : Combined ArTeMiS+SPIRE 350um image of NGC6334 (Andre+, 2016)J/A+A/593/A37 : Spectral cube toward NGC 6334 I and I(N) (van der Wiel+, 2016)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/602/A77https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/602/A77http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/602/A77https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/602/A77https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/602/A77http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/602/A77GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/602/A77/catalog (Information and fluxes of the 46 MDCs (tables A1-A12))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/602/A77/catalog?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/602/A77/catalog?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/602/A77/catalog?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true260.2227917-35.78397220.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/602/A77/list (List of FITS images)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/602/A77/list?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/602/A77/list?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/602/A77/list?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true262.63875-33.999440.005555555555555556Associated datahttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/assocdata/?obs_collection=J/A+A/602/A775/10614 6/42447 424611.6553710550405622e-22 2.837779945223663e-21https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/602/A77?format=asciiMillimeterdefaultJ/A+A/602/A77/table3Physical parameters of the 46 MDCs found in NGC 6334SampleSample (1)src.samplecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNumbergetsources numbermeta.idintl_FWHM[<= ] Limit flag on FWHMmeta.code.error;phys.angSizecharFWHMDeconvolved FWHMpcphys.angSizefloatTdustMean dust temperatureKphys.temperaturefloate_Tdustmrs uncertainty on TdustKstat.errorfloatMassMasssolMassphys.massinte_Massrms uncertainty on MasssolMassstat.error;phys.massintLbolBolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminosityintn_nH2[>= ] Limit flag on nH2meta.notecharnH2Mean molecular hydrogen column densitycm**-2phys.columnDensity;stat.meandoublechi2chi^2^ valuestat.fit.chi2;stat.valuefloatJ/A+A/602/A77/catalogInformation and fluxes of the 46 MDCs (tables A1-A12)Number[1/46] getsources numbermeta.idintPA500Position angledegpos.posAnginte_Si350Integrated flux uncertaintyJystat.errorfloatAMIN500FWHM minor axisarcsecphys.angSizefloatnameMGMIPSGAL identificationmeta.idcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameHOBYS_J name (HHMMSS.s+DDMMSS)meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000.0)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000.0)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainFlag70Fluxes reliability and upper limit flag (1)meta.code.errorcharSp70? Peak intensity at 70umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.IR.30-60umfloatnullablee_Sp70? Peak intensity uncertaintyJy/beamstat.errorfloatnullableSi70? Integrated flux at 70umJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.30-60umfloatnullablee_Si70? Integrated flux uncertaintyJystat.errorfloatnullableAMAJ70? FWHM major axisarcsecphys.angSizefloatnullableAMIN70? FWHM minor axisarcsecphys.angSizefloatnullablePA70? Position angledegpos.posAngintnullableFlag160Fluxes reliability and upper limit flag (1)meta.code.errorcharSp160? Peak intensity at 160umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.1500-3000GHzfloatnullablee_Sp160? Peak intensity uncertaintyJy/beamstat.errorfloatnullableSi160? Integrated flux at 160umJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.1500-3000GHzfloatnullablee_Si160? Integrated flux uncertaintyJystat.errorfloatnullableAMAJ160? FWHM major axisarcsecphys.angSizefloatnullableAMIN160? FWHM minor axisarcsecphys.angSizefloatnullablePA160? Position angledegpos.posAngintnullableFlag250Fluxes reliability and upper limit flag (1)meta.code.errorcharSp250Peak intensity at 250umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzfloate_Sp250Peak intensity uncertaintyJy/beamstat.errorfloatSi250Integrated flux at 250umJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzfloate_Si250Integrated flux uncertaintyJystat.errorfloatAMAJ250FWHM major axisarcsecphys.angSizefloatAMIN250FWHM minor axisarcsecphys.angSizefloatPA250Position angledegpos.posAngintFlag350Fluxes reliability and upper limit flag (1)meta.code.errorcharSp350Peak intensity at 350umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzfloate_Sp350Peak intensity uncertaintyJy/beamstat.errorfloatSi350Integrated flux at 350umJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzfloatAMAJ350FWHM major axisarcsecphys.angSizefloatAMIN350FWHM minor axisarcsecphys.angSizefloatPA350Position angledegpos.posAngfloatFlag500Fluxes reliability and upper limit flag (1)meta.code.errorcharSp500Peak intensity at 500umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHzfloate_Sp500Peak intensity uncertaintyJy/beamstat.errorfloatSi500Integrated flux at 500umJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHzfloate_Si500Integrated flux uncertaintyJystat.errorfloatAMAJ500FWHM major axisarcsecphys.angSizefloatGNameGLIMPSE identificationmeta.idcharSi3.6? Integrated flux at 3.6 micJyphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullablef_Si3.6[*] * indicate it is an aperture photometrymeta.codecharSi4.5? Integrated flux at 4.5 micJyphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablef_Si4.5[*] * indicate it is an aperture photometrymeta.codecharSi5.8? Integrated flux at 5.8 micJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablef_Si5.8[*] * indicate it is an aperture photometrymeta.codecharSi8.0? Integrated flux at 8.0 micJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umfloatnullablef_Si8.0[*] * indicate it is an aperture photometrymeta.codecharSi24? Integrated flux at 24 micJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullablef_Si24[*] * indicate it is an aperture photometrymeta.codecharnameMSXMSX identificationmeta.idcharSi21? Integrated flux at 21 micJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullablenameWWISE identificationmeta.idcharSi22? Integrated flux at 22 micJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullableFlag450Fluxes reliability and upper limit flag (1)meta.code.errorcharSp450? Peak intensity at 450umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHzfloatnullablee_Sp450? Peak intensity uncertaintyJy/beamstat.errorfloatnullableSi450? Integrated flux at 450umJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHzfloatnullablee_Si450? Integrated flux uncertaintyJystat.errorfloatnullableAMAJ450? FWHM major axisarcsecphys.angSizefloatnullableAMIN450? FWHM minor axisarcsecphys.angSizefloatnullablePA450? Position angledegpos.posAngintnullableFlag850Fluxes reliability and upper limit flag (1)meta.code.errorcharSp850? Peak intensity at 850umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatnullablee_Sp850? Peak intensity uncertaintyJy/beamstat.errorfloatnullableSi850? Integrated flux at 850umJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatnullablee_Si850? Integrated flux uncertaintyJystat.errorfloatnullableAMAJ850? FWHM major axisarcsecphys.angSizefloatnullableAMIN850? FWHM minor axisarcsecphys.angSizefloatnullablePA850? Position angledegpos.posAngintnullableFlag870Fluxes reliability and upper limit flag (1)meta.code.errorcharSp870? Peak intensity at 870umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatnullablee_Sp870? Peak intensity uncertaintyJy/beamstat.errorfloatnullableSi870? Integrated flux at 870umJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatnullablee_Si870? Integrated flux uncertaintyJystat.errorfloatnullableAMAJ870? FWHM major axisarcsecphys.angSizefloatnullableAMIN870? FWHM minor axisarcsecphys.angSizefloatnullablePA870? Position angledegpos.posAngintnullableFlag1200Fluxes reliability and upper limit flag (1)meta.code.errorcharSp1200? Peak intensity at 1200umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatnullablee_Sp1200? Peak intensity uncertaintyJy/beamstat.errorfloatnullableSi1200? Integrated flux at 1200umJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatnullablee_Si1200? Integrated flux uncertaintyJystat.errorfloatnullableAMAJ1200? FWHM major axisarcsecphys.angSizefloatnullableAMIN1200? FWHM minor axisarcsecphys.angSizefloatnullablePA1200? Position angledegpos.posAngintnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/A+A/602/A77/listList of FITS imagesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right Ascension of center (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination of center (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainNxNumber of pixels along X-axismeta.numberintNyNumber of pixels along Y-axismeta.numberintlambda? Observed wavelengthumem.wlintnullableUnitImage unitmeta.unit;obs.imagecharsizeSize of FITS fileKibytephys.size;meta.fitsintFileNameName of FITS file, in subdirectory fitsmeta.id;meta.fitscharTitleTitle of the FITS filemeta.title;meta.fitschar