J/A+A/600/A81ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/600/A81doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36000081CDSRamirez-Agudelo O.H.Sana H.de Koter A.Tramper F.Grin N.J.,Schneider F.R.N.Langer N.Puls J.Markova N.Bestenlehner J.M.,Castro N.Crowther P.A.Evans C.J.Garcia M.Grafener G.Herrero A.,van Kempen B.Lennon D.J.Maiz Apellaniz J.Najarro F.,Sabin-Sanjulian C.Simon-Diaz S.Taylor W.D.Vink J.S.2017-12-15T10:55:05Z2017-04-04T07:49:46ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmagellanic-cloudso-starsgiant-starssupergiant-starsspectroscopyThe Tarantula region in the Large Magellanic Cloud contains the richest population of spatially resolved massive O-type stars known so far. This unmatched sample offers an opportunity to test models describing their main-sequence evolution and mass-loss properties. Using ground-based optical spectroscopy obtained in the framework of the VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey (VFTS), we aim to determine stellar, photospheric and wind properties of 72 presumably single O-type giants, bright giants and supergiants and to confront them with predictions of stellar evolution and of line-driven mass-loss theories. We apply an automated method for quantitative spectroscopic analysis of O stars combining the non-LTE stellar atmosphere model FASTWIND with the genetic fitting algorithm PIKAIA to determine the following stellar properties: effective temperature, surface gravity, mass-loss rate, helium abundance, and projected rotational velocity. The latter has been constrained without taking into account the contribution from macro-turbulent motions to the line broadening. We present empirical effective temperature versus spectral subtype calibrations at LMC-metallicity for giants and supergiants. The calibration for giants shows a +1kK offset compared to similar Galactic calibrations; a shift of the same magnitude has been reported for dwarfs. The supergiant calibrations, though only based on a handful of stars, do not seem to indicate such an offset. The presence of a strong upturn at spectral type O3 and earlier can also not be confirmed by our data. In the spectroscopic and classical Hertzsprung-Russell diagrams, our sample O stars are found to occupy the region predicted to be the core hydrogen-burning phase by state-of-the-art models. For stars initially more massive than approximately 60M_{sun}_ the giant phase already appears relatively early on in the evolution; the supergiant phase develops later. Bright giants, however, are not systematically positioned between giants and supergiants at M_init_>25M_{sun}. At masses below 60M_{sun} the dwarf phase clearly precedes the giant and supergiant phases; however this behavior seems to break down at $M_init_<18M_{sun}_. Here, stars classified as late O III and II stars occupy the region where O9.5-9.7V stars are expected, but where few such late O V stars are actually seen. Though we can not exclude that these stars represent a physically distinct group, this behaviour may reflect an intricacy in the luminosity classification at late O spectral subtype. Indeed, on the basis of a secondary classification criterion, the relative strength of SiIV to HeI absorption lines, these stars would have been assigned a luminosity class IV or V. Except for five stars, the helium abundance of our sample stars is in agreement with the initial LMC composition. This outcome is independent of their projected spin rates. The aforementioned five stars present moderate projected rotational velocities (i.e., vrot<200km/s) and hence do not agree with current predictions of rotational mixing in main-sequence stars. They may potentially reveal other physics not included in the models such as binary-interaction effects. Adopting theoretical results for the wind velocity law, we find modified wind momenta for LMC stars that are ~0.3dex higher than earlier results. For stars brighter than 10^5^L_[sun}_, that is, in the regime of strong stellar winds, the measured (unclumped) mass-loss rates could be considered to be in agreement with line-driven wind predictions if the clump volume filling factors were f_V_~1/8 to 1/6.2017A&A...600A..81Rhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/600/A81CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/530/A108 : VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey (Evans+, 2011)J/A+A/550/A107 : VFTS. RV catalogue of O stars in 30 Doradus (Sana+, 2013)J/A+A/560/A29 : VFTS. O-stars rotational velocities (Ramirez-Agudelo+ 2013)J/A+A/564/A39 : VFTS. OVz stars in 30 Dor (Sabin-Sanjulian+, 2014)J/A+A/564/A40 : VFTS. O-type stellar content of 30 Dor (Walborn+, 2014)J/A+A/575/A70 : VFTS. B supergiants (McEvoy+, 2015)J/A+A/600/A82 : VFTS. O giants & supergiants nitrogen abundances (Grin+, 2017)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/600/A81https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/600/A81http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/600/A81https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/600/A81https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/600/A81http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/600/A81GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/600/A81/tablec4 (Best fitting atmospheric and wind parameters of the O-giants, bright giants, and supergiants)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/600/A81/tablec4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/600/A81/tablec4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/600/A81/tablec4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true84.287-69.12233060.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/600/A81/tablec5 (Best fitting atmospheric and wind parameters of the O-stars without luminosity class)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/600/A81/tablec5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/600/A81/tablec5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/600/A81/tablec5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true84.3659583-69.13411110.0055555555555555566/33094https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/600/A81?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/600/A81/tablec4Best fitting atmospheric and wind parameters of the O-giants, bright giants, and supergiantsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintn_E_Mevol[>] Note on E_Mevol (4)meta.notecharVFTSVFTS identification number, [72/892] for tablec4 and [31/892] for tablec5 (2)meta.id;meta.mainintSpTypeSpectral type and luminosity classification by Walborn et al., (2014, Cat. J/A+A/564/A40)src.spTypecharKMAGAbsolute K magnitude (3)magphys.magAbs;em.IR.KfloatTeffEffective temperaturekKphys.temperature.effectivefloatn_E_Teff[>] Note on E_Teff (4)meta.notecharE_Teff? Upper confidence interval of the effective temperaturekKstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablen_e_Teff[<] Note on e_Teff (5)meta.notechare_Teff? Lower boundary confidence interval of the effective temperaturekKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectivefloatnullableloggSurface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatE_loggUpper boundary confidence interval of the surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_loggLower boundary confidence interval of the surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)stat.errorfloatloggcSurface gravity corrected for rotationlog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatn_E_loggc[>] Note on E_loggc (4)meta.notecharE_loggc? Upper boundary confidence interval of the surface gravity corrected for rotationlog(cm.s**-2)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablen_e_loggc[<] Note on e_loggc (5)meta.notechare_loggc? Lower boundary confidence interval of the surface gravity corrected for rotationlog(cm.s**-2)stat.errorfloatnullablelog(Mdot)Mass loss ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)phys.mass.lossfloatE_log(Mdot)Upper boundary confidence interval of the mass loss rate (4)log(solMass.yr**-1)stat.error;stat.maxfloatn_e_log(Mdot)[<] Note on e_log(Mdot) (5)meta.notechare_log(Mdot)? Lower boundary confidence interval of the mass loss ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)stat.errorfloatnullableYSurface Helium abundance in mass fractionphys.abund.YfloatE_YUpper boundary confidence interval of the surface helium abundancestat.error;stat.maxfloatn_e_Y[<] Note on e_Y (5)meta.notechare_Y? Lower boundary confidence interval of the surface helium abundancestat.error;pos.cartesian.yfloatnullablevturbMicro-turbulent velocitykm/sphys.veloc.microTurbintn_E_vturb[>] Note on E_vturb (4)meta.notecharE_vturb? Upper boundary confidence interval of the micro-turbulent velocitykm/sstat.error;stat.maxintnullablen_e_vturb[<] Note on e_vturb (5)meta.notechare_vturb? Lower boundary confidence interval of the micro-turbulent velocitykm/sstat.errorintnullablevsiniProjected rotational velocitykm/sphys.veloc.rotatintn_E_vsini[>] Note on E_vsini (4)meta.notecharE_vsini? Upper boundary confidence interval of the projected rotational velocity (6)km/sstat.error;stat.maxintnullablen_e_vsini[<] Note on e_vsini (5)meta.notechare_vsini? Lower boundary confidence interval of the projected rotational velocity (6)km/sstat.error;phys.veloc.rotatintnullablevinfTerminal wind velocitykm/sphys.velocintE_vinfUpper boundary confidence interval of the terminal wind velocitykm/sstat.error;stat.maxinte_vinfLower boundary confidence interval of the terminal wind velocitykm/sstat.errorintlogLLuminositylog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatn_E_logL[>] Note on E_logL (4)meta.notecharE_logL? Upper boundary confidence interval of the luminositylog(solLum)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablen_e_logL[<] Note on e_logL (5)meta.notechare_logL? Lower boundary confidence interval of the luminositylog(solLum)stat.errorfloatnullableRRadius in solar unitssolRadphys.size.radiusfloatn_E_R[>] Note on E_R (4)meta.notecharE_R? Upper boundary confidence interval of the radiussolRadstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablen_e_R[<] Note on e_R (5)meta.notechare_R? Lower boundary confidence interval of the radiussolRadstat.errorfloatnullablelog(Dmom)Modified wind-momentumlog(g.cm.s**-2)stat.fit.paramfloatE_log(Dmom)Upper boundary confidence interval of the modified wind-momentumlog(g.cm.s**-2)stat.error;stat.maxfloatn_e_log(Dmom)[<] Note on e_log(Dmom) (5)meta.notechare_log(Dmom)? Lower boundary confidence interval of the modified wind-momentumlog(g.cm.s**-2)stat.errorfloatnullableMspecSpectrocopic mass computed with newtonian gravitysolMassphys.massfloatn_E_Mspec[>] Note on E_Mspec (4)meta.notecharE_Mspec? Upper boundary confidence interval of the spectroscopic masssolMassstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablen_e_Mspec[<] Note on e_Mspec (5)meta.notechare_Mspec? Lower boundary confidence interval of the spectroscopic masssolMassstat.errorfloatnullableMevolEvolutionary masssolMassphys.massfloatE_Mevol? Upper boundary confidence interval of the evolutionary masssolMassstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablen_e_Mevol[<] Note on e_Mevol (5)meta.notechare_Mevol? Lower boundary confidence interval bar the evolutionary masssolMassstat.errorfloatnullableAbundDisplay the steller properties form Paper XXV (Cat. J/A+A/600/A82)meta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/A+A/600/A81/tablec5Best fitting atmospheric and wind parameters of the O-stars without luminosity classn_E_Mevol[>] Note on E_Mevol (4)meta.notecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintVFTSVFTS identification number, [72/892] for tablec4 and [31/892] for tablec5 (2)meta.id;meta.mainintSpTypeSpectral type and luminosity classification by Walborn et al., (2014, Cat. J/A+A/564/A40)src.spTypecharKMAGAbsolute K magnitude (3)magphys.magAbs;em.IR.KfloatTeffEffective temperaturekKphys.temperature.effectivefloatn_E_Teff[>] Note on E_Teff (4)meta.notecharE_Teff? Upper confidence interval of the effective temperaturekKstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablen_e_Teff[<] Note on e_Teff (5)meta.notechare_Teff? Lower boundary confidence interval of the effective temperaturekKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectivefloatnullableloggSurface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatE_loggUpper boundary confidence interval of the surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_loggLower boundary confidence interval of the surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)stat.errorfloatloggcSurface gravity corrected for rotationlog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatn_E_loggc[>] Note on E_loggc (4)meta.notecharE_loggc? Upper boundary confidence interval of the surface gravity corrected for rotationlog(cm.s**-2)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablen_e_loggc[<] Note on e_loggc (5)meta.notechare_loggc? Lower boundary confidence interval of the surface gravity corrected for rotationlog(cm.s**-2)stat.errorfloatnullablelog(Mdot)Mass loss ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)phys.mass.lossfloatE_log(Mdot)Upper boundary confidence interval of the mass loss rate (4)log(solMass.yr**-1)stat.error;stat.maxfloatn_e_log(Mdot)[<] Note on e_log(Mdot) (5)meta.notechare_log(Mdot)? Lower boundary confidence interval of the mass loss ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)stat.errorfloatnullableYSurface Helium abundance in mass fractionphys.abund.YfloatE_YUpper boundary confidence interval of the surface helium abundancestat.error;stat.maxfloatn_e_Y[<] Note on e_Y (5)meta.notechare_Y? Lower boundary confidence interval of the surface helium abundancestat.error;pos.cartesian.yfloatnullablevturbMicro-turbulent velocitykm/sphys.veloc.microTurbintn_E_vturb[>] Note on E_vturb (4)meta.notecharE_vturb? Upper boundary confidence interval of the micro-turbulent velocitykm/sstat.error;stat.maxintnullablen_e_vturb[<] Note on e_vturb (5)meta.notechare_vturb? Lower boundary confidence interval of the micro-turbulent velocitykm/sstat.errorintnullablevsiniProjected rotational velocitykm/sphys.veloc.rotatintn_E_vsini[>] Note on E_vsini (4)meta.notecharE_vsini? Upper boundary confidence interval of the projected rotational velocity (6)km/sstat.error;stat.maxintnullablen_e_vsini[<] Note on e_vsini (5)meta.notechare_vsini? Lower boundary confidence interval of the projected rotational velocity (6)km/sstat.error;phys.veloc.rotatintnullablevinfTerminal wind velocitykm/sphys.velocintE_vinfUpper boundary confidence interval of the terminal wind velocitykm/sstat.error;stat.maxinte_vinfLower boundary confidence interval of the terminal wind velocitykm/sstat.errorintlogLLuminositylog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatn_E_logL[>] Note on E_logL (4)meta.notecharE_logL? Upper boundary confidence interval of the luminositylog(solLum)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablen_e_logL[<] Note on e_logL (5)meta.notechare_logL? Lower boundary confidence interval of the luminositylog(solLum)stat.errorfloatnullableRRadius in solar unitssolRadphys.size.radiusfloatn_E_R[>] Note on E_R (4)meta.notecharE_R? Upper boundary confidence interval of the radiussolRadstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablen_e_R[<] Note on e_R (5)meta.notechare_R? Lower boundary confidence interval of the radiussolRadstat.errorfloatnullablelog(Dmom)Modified wind-momentumlog(g.cm.s**-2)stat.fit.paramfloatE_log(Dmom)Upper boundary confidence interval of the modified wind-momentumlog(g.cm.s**-2)stat.error;stat.maxfloatn_e_log(Dmom)[<] Note on e_log(Dmom) (5)meta.notechare_log(Dmom)? Lower boundary confidence interval of the modified wind-momentumlog(g.cm.s**-2)stat.errorfloatnullableMspecSpectrocopic mass computed with newtonian gravitysolMassphys.massfloatn_E_Mspec[>] Note on E_Mspec (4)meta.notecharE_Mspec? Upper boundary confidence interval of the spectroscopic masssolMassstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablen_e_Mspec[<] Note on e_Mspec (5)meta.notechare_Mspec? Lower boundary confidence interval of the spectroscopic masssolMassstat.errorfloatnullableMevolEvolutionary masssolMassphys.massfloatE_Mevol? Upper boundary confidence interval of the evolutionary masssolMassstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablen_e_Mevol[<] Note on e_Mevol (5)meta.notechare_Mevol? Lower boundary confidence interval bar the evolutionary masssolMassstat.errorfloatnullableAbundDisplay the steller properties form Paper XXV (Cat. J/A+A/600/A82)meta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/A+A/600/A81/tablec1List of the hydrogen, helium, and nitrogen diagnostic lines used in the determination of the stellar and wind parameters of the O-giants, bright giants, and supergiantsVFTS[11/892] VFTS identification numbermeta.id;meta.mainintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintLinesNumber of diagnostic lines usedmeta.numberintdelta[X0] Hdelta line used (G1)meta.codechargamma[X0] Hgamma line used (G1)meta.codecharbeta[X0] Hbeta line used (G1)meta.codecharalpha[X0] Halpha line used (G1)meta.codechar4026[X0] HeI+II 4026 line used (G1)meta.codechar4387[X0] HeI 4387 line used (G1)meta.codechar4471[X0] HeI 4471 line used (G1)meta.codechar4713[X0] HeI 4713 line used (G1)meta.codechar4922[X0] HeI 4922 line used (G1)meta.codechar4200[X0] HeII 4200 line used (G1)meta.codechar4541[X0] HeII 4541 line used (G1)meta.codechar4686[X0] HeII 4686 line used (G1)meta.codechar3995[X0] N III 3995 line used (G1)meta.codechar4097[X0] N III 4097 line used (G1)meta.codechar4195[X0] N III 4195 line used (G1)meta.codechar4379[X0] N III 4379 line used (G1)meta.codecharqua[X0] N III 4511, 4515, 4518 lines used (G1)meta.codechar4523[X0] N III 4523 line used (G1)meta.codechartrip[X0] N III 4634, 4640 lines used (G1)meta.codechar4058[X0] N IV 4058 line used (G1)meta.codechar4603[X0] N V 4603 line used (G1)meta.codechar4619[X0] N V 4619 line used (G1)meta.codecharJ/A+A/600/A81/tablec2List of the hydrogen and helium diagnostic lines used in the determination of the stellar and wind parameters of the O-giants, bright giants, and supergiantsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintVFTSVFTS identification number, [61/892] tablec2, [31/682] tablec3 (2)meta.id;meta.mainintLinesNumber of diagnostic lines usedmeta.numberintdelta[X0] Hdelta line used (G1)meta.codechargamma[X0] Hgamma line used (G1)meta.codecharbeta[X0] Hbeta line used (G1)meta.codecharalpha[X0] Halpha line used (G1)meta.codechar4026[X0] HeI+II 4026 line used (G1)meta.codechar4387[X0] HeI 4387 line used (G1)meta.codechar4471[X0] HeI 4471 line used (G1)meta.codechar4713[X0] HeI 4713 line used (G1)meta.codechar4922[X0] HeI 4922 line used (G1)meta.codechar4200[X0] HeII 4200 line used (G1)meta.codechar4541[X0] HeII 4541 line used (G1)meta.codechar4686[X0] HeII 4686 line used (G1)meta.codecharJ/A+A/600/A81/tablec3List of the hydrogen and helium diagnostic lines used in the determination of the stellar and wind parameters of the O-stars without luminosity class4713[X0] HeI 4713 line used (G1)meta.codecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintVFTSVFTS identification number, [61/892] tablec2, [31/682] tablec3 (2)meta.id;meta.mainintLinesNumber of diagnostic lines usedmeta.numberintdelta[X0] Hdelta line used (G1)meta.codechargamma[X0] Hgamma line used (G1)meta.codecharbeta[X0] Hbeta line used (G1)meta.codecharalpha[X0] Halpha line used (G1)meta.codechar4026[X0] HeI+II 4026 line used (G1)meta.codechar4387[X0] HeI 4387 line used (G1)meta.codechar4471[X0] HeI 4471 line used (G1)meta.codechar4922[X0] HeI 4922 line used (G1)meta.codechar4200[X0] HeII 4200 line used (G1)meta.codechar4541[X0] HeII 4541 line used (G1)meta.codechar4686[X0] HeII 4686 line used (G1)meta.codechar