J/A+A/595/A132ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/595/A132doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.35950132CDSZorec J.Fremat Y.Domiciano de Souza A.Royer F.Cidale L.,Hubert A.-M.Semaan T.Martayan C.Cochetti Y.R.Arias M.L.,Aidelman Y.Stee P.2018-01-04T08:23:10Z2016-11-21T07:38:36ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frbe-starsAmong intermediate-mass and massive stars, Be stars are the fastest rotators in the main sequence (MS) and, as such, these stars are a cornerstone to validate models of structure and evolution of rotating stars. Several phenomena, however, induce under- or overestimations either of their apparent Vsini, or true velocity V. In the present contribution we aim at obtaining distributions of true rotational velocities corrected for systematic effects induced by the rapid rotation itself, macroturbulent velocities, and binarity. We study a set of 233 Be stars by assuming they have inclination angles distributed at random. We critically discuss the methods of Cranmer and Lucy-Richardson, which enable us to transform a distribution of projected velocities into another distribution of true rotational velocities, where the gravitational darkening effect on the Vsini parameter is considered in different ways. We conclude that iterative algorithm by Lucy-Richardson responds at best to the purposes of the present work, but it requires a thorough determination of the stellar fundamental parameters. We conclude that once the mode of ratios of the true velocities of Be stars attains the value V/Vc~0.77 in the main-sequence (MS) evolutionary phase, it remains unchanged up to the end of the MS lifespan. The statistical corrections found on the distribution of ratios V/Vc for overestimations of Vsini due to macroturbulent motions and binarity, produce a shift of this distribution toward lower values of V/Vc when Be stars in all MS evolutionary stages are considered together. The mode of the final distribution obtained is at V/Vc~0.65. This distribution has a nearly symmetric distribution and shows that the Be phenomenon is characterized by a wide range of true velocity ratios 0.3<V/Vc<0.95. It thus suggests that the probability that Be stars are critical rotators is extremely low. The corrections attempted in the present work represent an initial step to infer indications about the nature of the Be-star surface rotation that will be studied in the second paper of this series.2016A&A...595A.132Zhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/595/A132CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/378/861 : Spectroscopy of Be stars (Chauville+, 2001)J/A+A/440/305 : Fast-rotating B stars fundamental parameters (Fremat+, 2005)J/A+A/451/1053 : Fundamental parameters of Be stars (Fremat+, 2006)J/MNRAS/371/252 : Southern B and Be stars (Levenhagen+, 2006)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/595/A132https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/595/A132http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/595/A132https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/595/A132https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/595/A132http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/595/A132GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/595/A132/table1 (Apparent fundamental parameters of 233 Be stars)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/595/A132/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/595/A132/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/595/A132/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true1.610586764.19616890.0055555555555555566/405 463 472 474 1011 1196 1392 1586 1748 1769 1784 2017 2775 2849 2884 3030 3067 3108 3316 3491 3597 6846 9054 9686 9836 11959 12659 12766 12988 13017 13042 13268 13292 13559 13687 13701 13721 14108 14396 14555 14622 14631 14638 15250 15365 15375 15479 15580 15768 15778 18915 19017 19202 19402 20419 20497 20551 20609 20800 20846 20859 20869 20923 20958 20990 21313 21324 21343 21365 21439 21447 21515 21644 21665 21893 22054 22087 22121 22209 22235 22254 22258 22334 22503 22517 22579 22615 22637 22837 22895 22906 22911 23581 23637 23646 23775 23851 23963 24142 24179 24183 24363 25487 26672 28719 28806 28822 28828 28890-28891 28968 28984 29040 29081 29164 29175 29457 29893 30330 30444 30476-30477 30722 30818 31759 33826 34199 34270 34777 34896 36009 36282 37186 37253 37330 37339 37364 37776 37887 39397 39558 39619 39628 39671 39679 39700 39704 39715 39806 39863 39922 40221 40242 40455 40487 40999 41171 41387 41439 41464 41520 41577 41670 41673 41734 41740 41767 41812 41829 41857 41866 41871 41907 41928 41936 41939 41943 41976 42159 42183 42197 42207 42209 42225 42273 42279 42314 42370 42381 42416-42417 42437 42486 42515 42524 42630 42711 42948 42972 43024 43038 43051 43057 43062 43138 43150 43165 43310 43365 43407 43531 43689 44316 44502 44616 46081 47009 47021 47033 47056 47121 47246 47704 48534https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/595/A132?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/595/A132/table4Parent-non-rotating-counterpart fundamental parameters of 233 Be starsMStellar masssolMassphys.massfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintHDHD identification number of starmeta.id;meta.mainintTeffpnrc effective temperature (1)Kphys.temperature.effectiveints_Teff1{sigma} dispersion of pnrc TeffKstat.errorintlogglog_10 of pnrc effective gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloats_logg1{sigma} dispersion in log_logglog(cm.s**-2)stat.errorfloatlogLlog_10 of pnrc bolometric luminositylog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloats_logL1{sigma} dispersion in logLlog(solLum)stat.errorfloate_M1{sigma} rms uncertainty of MsolMassstat.errorfloatt/tMSFractional stellar MS age; tMS time spent by the star in Main-sequencetime.agefloate_t/tMS1{sigma} rms uncertainty of t/tMSstat.errorfloatvsinipnrc rotational velocity (1)km/sphys.veloc.rotatinte_vsini1{sigma} rms uncertainty of vsinikm/sstat.error;phys.veloc.rotatintVcpnrc critical velocity (1)km/sphys.velocinte_Vc1{sigma} rms uncertainty of Vckm/sstat.error;pos.cartesian.yintetaRatio of centrifugal-force to gravitystat.fit.paramfloate_eta1{sigma} rms uncertainty of etastat.error;phys.electron.degenfloatiInclination angledegsrc.orbital.inclination;pos.posAnginte_i1{sigma} rms uncertainty of idegstat.errorintJ/A+A/595/A132/table1Apparent fundamental parameters of 233 Be starsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintHDHD identification number of starmeta.id;meta.mainintTeffEffective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveints_Teff1{sigma} dispersion of TeffKstat.errorintlogglog_10 of effective gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloats_logg1{sigma} dispersion in logglog(cm.s**-2)stat.errorfloatlogLlog_10 of bolometric luminositylog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloats_logL1{sigma} dispersion in logLlog(solLum)stat.errorfloatE(B-V)(B-V) color excessmagphot.color.excessfloats_E(B-V)1{sigma} dispersion of E(B-V)magstat.errorfloatvsiniapparent rotational velocitykm/sphys.veloc.rotatints_vsini1{sigma} dispersion of vsinikm/sstat.errorintNotesNotes (1)meta.notecharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main