J/A+A/586/A149ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/586/A149doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.35860149CDSCsengeri T.Leurini S.Wyrowski F.Urquhart J.S.Menten K.M.,Walmsley M.Bontemps S.Wienen M.Beuther H.Motte F.Nguyen-Luong Q.,Schilke P.Schuller F.Zavagno A.Sanna C.2016-02-10T07:20:24Z2016-02-10T08:07:21ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmillimeter-astronomysubmillimeter-astronomymolecular-cloudsinterstellar-mediumThe processes leading to the birth of high-mass stars are poorly understood. The key first step to reveal their formation processes is characterising the clumps and cores from which they form. We define a representative sample of massive clumps in different evolutionary stages selected from the APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy (ATLASGAL), from which we aim to establish a census of molecular tracers of their evolution. As a first step, we study the shock tracer, SiO, mainly associated with shocks from jets probing accretion processes. In low-mass young stellar objects (YSOs), outflow and jet activity decreases with time during the star formation processes. Recently, a similar scenario was suggested for massive clumps based on SiO observations. Here we analyse observations of the SiO (2-1) and (5-4) lines in a statistically significant sample to constrain the change of SiO abundance and the excitation conditions as a function of evolutionary stage of massive star-forming clumps. We performed an unbiased spectral line survey covering the 3-mm atmospheric window between 84-117GHz with the IRAM 30m telescope of a sample of 430 sources of the ATLASGAL survey, covering various evolutionary stages of massive clumps. A smaller sample of 128 clumps has been observed in the SiO (5-4) transition with the APEX telescope to complement the (2-1) line and probe the excitation conditions of the emitting gas. We derived detection rates to assess the star formation activity of the sample, and we estimated the column density and abundance using both an LTE approximation and non-LTE calculations for a smaller subsample, where both transitions have been observed.2016A&A...586A.149Chttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/586/A149CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/549/A45 : ATLASGAL Compact Source Catalog: 330<l<21 (Contreras+, 2013)J/A+A/568/A41 : ATLASGAL Compact Source Catalog: 280<l<60 (Urquhart+, 2014)J/A+A/570/A65 : ATLASGAL massive clumps CO depletion (Giannetti+, 2014)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/586/A149https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/586/A149http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/586/A149https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/586/A149https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/586/A149http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/586/A149GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/586/A149/table6 (SiO (2-1) line parameters and column density)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/586/A149/table6?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/586/A149/table6?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/586/A149/table6?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true270.512-23.88690.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/586/A149/table7 (SiO (5-4) line parameters)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/586/A149/table7?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/586/A149/table7?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/586/A149/table7?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true271.5974-21.61890.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/586/A149/table4 (List of ATLASGAL sources)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/586/A149/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/586/A149/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/586/A149/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true270.512-23.88690.0055555555555555565/3588 7278 7376 7383 7564 7579 7605 7654 6/12970 14341 28912 28918-28919 29090-29091 29094 29097 29099-29101 29103 29116 29118-29119 29162 29460-29461 29463 29508-29510 29522 29526 29529 30218-30219 30223 30241 30244-30245 30262-30263 30268-30269 30312-30313 30315 30330 30405 30417 30419 30592 30595 30604 30606 30622-30623 30641 30644-30645 30691-30692 30694-30695 30701 30712 30714-30716 30719https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/586/A149?format=asciiRadiodefaultJ/A+A/586/A149/table6SiO (2-1) line parameters and column densityrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameSource name (GLL.ll+B.bb)meta.id;meta.maincharm_Name[AB] Multiplicty index on Namemeta.code.multipcharRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainVlsrRest velocity of the sourcekm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatDVlVelocity range of SiO (2-1) emissionkm/sinstr.bandwidthintDVuVelocity range of SiO (2-1) emissionkm/sinstr.bandwidthintTintIntegrated intensity on Tmb scaleK.km/sinstr.scalefloatrmsRMS noise per channelKinstr.det.noisefloatwings[y/n] Presence of line wingsmeta.notecharNSiOSiO column density based on LTE approximationcm**-2phys.columnDensitydoubleJ/A+A/586/A149/table7SiO (5-4) line parametersrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameSource name (GLL.ll+B.bb)meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainDVlVelocity range of SiO (2-1) emissionkm/sinstr.bandwidthintDVuVelocity range of SiO (2-1) emissionkm/sinstr.bandwidthintTintIntegrated intensity on Tmb scaleK.km/sinstr.scalefloatrmsrms noise per channelKstat.stdev;instr.det.noisefloatJ/A+A/586/A149/table4List of ATLASGAL sourcesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSiOindicates SiO (2-1) and/or SiO (5-4) line parametersmeta.ref.urlcharNameSource name (GLL.ll+B.bb)meta.id;meta.maincharprimaryRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainAGsourceATLASGAL source (GLLL.llll+B.bbb)meta.idcharoffset? Offset from ATLASGAL sourcearcsecpos.angDistance;arith.difffloatnullableDist? Distance estimatekpcpos.distancefloatnullableMass? Mass estimate from dustsolMassphys.massintnullableNH2? Beam averaged H_2_ column densitycm**-2phys.columnDensity;instr.beamdoublenullableSigma? Surface densityg.cm**-2phot.flux.density.sbfloatnullableClassClassificationsrc.classchar