J/A+A/584/A73ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/584/A73doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.35840073CDSSenthamizh Pavai V.Arlt R.Dasi-Espuig M.Krivova N.Solanki S.2015-11-24T10:07:45Z2015-11-24T11:03:14ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frthe-sunExtending the knowledge about the properties of solar cycles into the past is essential for understanding the solar dynamo. This paper aims to estimate areas of sunspots observed by Schwabe in 1825-1867 and to calculate the tilt angles of sunspot groups. The sunspot sizes in Schwabe's drawings are not to scale and need to be converted into physical sunspot areas. We employed a statistical approach assuming that the area distribution of sunspots was the same in the 19th century as it was in the 20th century.2015A&A...584A..73Shttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/584/A73CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicerelated-toVI/138 : Sunspots catalogues, 1853-1870 (Casas+, 2013)J/A+A/390/707 : Hemispheric Sunspot Numbers 1975-2000 (Temmer+, 2002)J/A+A/447/735 : Hemispheric Sunspot Numbers 1945-2004 (Temmer+, 2006)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/584/A73https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/584/A73http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/584/A73https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/584/A73https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/584/A73http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/584/A73GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapdefaultJ/A+A/584/A73/table3Sunspot positions and areasn_HLAT[n-] Note for no data (2)meta.notecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintObsObservation date (YYY)time.epoch;obsT[0/1] Indicates how accurate the time is (1)meta.code.qualintHLON0Heliographic longitude of apparent disk centre seen from Dessau (L0)degpos.framefloatHLAT0Heliographic latitude of apparent disk centre seen from Dessau (B0)degpos.framefloatCMD? Central meridian distance, difference in longitude from disk centredegpos.angDistancefloatnullablen_CMD[n-] Note for no data (2)meta.notecharHLON? Heliographic longitude in the Carrington rotation frame (LLL.L)degpos.framefloatnullablen_HLON[n-] Note for no data (2)meta.notecharHLAT? Heliographic latitude, southern latitudes are negative (BBB.B)degpos.framefloatnullableM[CHQ-01] Method of determining the orientation (3)pos.angDistancecharQ[0/4] Subjective quality (4)meta.code.qualintSSSize estimate in 12 classes running from 1 to 12; a spotless day is indicated with 0phys.size.diameterintGroupGroup designation based on Schwabe, but modified by our regroupingmeta.id;phys.atmol.configurationcharMeasurerLast name of person who obtained positionobs.observercharHLONM? Model longitude from rotational matching (only spots used for matching have this) (MOD_L)degpos.framefloatnullableHLATM? Model latitude from rotational matching (only spots used for matching have this) (MOD_B)degpos.framefloatnullableSigma? Total residual of model positions compared with measurements of reference spots in rotational matching (only spots used for the matching have this), holds for entire daydegstat.fit.residualfloatnullabledelta? Heliocentric angle between the spot and the apparent disk centre in degrees (disk-centre distance)degstat.fit.dof;pos.heliocentricfloatnullablen_delta[n-] Note for no data (2)meta.notecharUmb? Inferred umbral area in millionths of the solar hemisphere (MSH)phys.angSizeintnullablen_Umb[n] Note for no data (5)meta.notecharA[!U-] Flag for area mapping (6)pos.angDistancecharJ/A+A/584/A73/table4Tilt angles of the sunspot groups with two or more spotsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintObsObservation date (YYY)time.epoch;obsGroupGroup name based on Schwabe, but modified by our regroupingmeta.idcharSPNumber of spots in a groupmeta.numberintARASum of umbral area of all spots in a group, in millionths of the solar hemisphere (MSH)phys.angSizeintHLONAArea-weighted heliographic longitude of the group (AWL.L)degpos.framefloatHLATAArea-weighted heliographic latitude of the group (AWB.B)degpos.framefloatTiltAnTilt angle of the group (1)degpos.posAngfloatTiltHoTilt angle computed as in Howard (1991, Sol. Phys., 136, 251) for compatibility reasons (2)degpos.posAngfloatPolSPPolarity separation of the group in degrees on the solar sphere (3)degpos.angDistance;pos.lgfloatFNNumber of spots in the following polaritymeta.numberintLNNumber of spots in the leading polaritymeta.numberintFARUmbral area of the following polarity, in MSHphys.angSizeintLARUmbral area of the leading polarity, in MSHphys.angSizeintHLONFArea-weighted longitude of the following polarity (FLL.L) (3)degpos.framefloatHLATFArea-weighted latitude of the following polarity (FBB.B) (3)degpos.framefloatHLONLArea-weighted longitude of the leading polarity (LLL.L) (3)degpos.framefloatHLATLArea-weighted latitude of the leading polarity (BBB.B) (3)degpos.framefloatGFCHeliocentric distance of the group from the disk centre in degreesdegphys.angSize;pos.lg;pos.heliocentricfloat