J/A+A/579/A80ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/579/A80doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.35790080CDSGerner T.Shirley Y.L.Beuther H.Semenov D.Linz H.Albertsson T.,Henning T.2017-01-11T12:09:09Z2015-11-17T14:31:13ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmolecular-cloudsspectroscopyThe chemical evolution in high-mass star-forming regions is still poorly constrained. Studying the evolution of deuterated molecules allows distinguishing between subsequent stages of high-mass star formation regions based on the strong temperature dependence of deuterium isotopic fractionation. We observed a sample of 59 sources including 19 infrared dark clouds, 20 high-mass protostellar objects, 11 hot molecular cores and 9 ultra-compact HII regions in the (3-2) transitions of the four deuterated molecules, DCN, DNC, DCO^+^, and N_2_D^+^ as well as their non-deuterated counterparts. The overall detection fraction of DCN, DNC, and DCO^+^ is high and exceeds 50% for most of the stages. N_2_D^+^ was only detected in a few infrared dark clouds and high-mass protostellar objects. This may be related to problems in the bandpass at the transition frequency and to low abundances in the more evolved, warmer stages. We find median D/H ratios of 0.02 for DCN, 0.005 for DNC, 0.0025 for DCO^+^, and 0.02 for N_2_D^+^. While the D/H ratios of DNC, DCO^+^, and N_2_D^+^ decrease with time, DCN/HCN peaks at the hot molecular core stage. We only found weak correlations of the D/H ratios for N_2_D^+^ with the luminosity of the central source and the FWHM of the line, and no correlation with the H_2_ column density. In combination with a previously observed set of 14 other molecules (Paper I), we fitted the calculated column densities with an elaborate 1D physico-chemical model with time-dependent D-chemistry including ortho- and para-H_2_ states. Good overall fits to the observed data were obtained with the model. This is one of the first times that observations and modeling were combined to derive chemically based best-fit models for the evolution of high-mass star formation including deuteration.2015A&A...579A..80Ghttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/579/A80CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/563/A97 : IRAM 30m reduced spectra of 59 sources (Gerner+, 2014)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/579/A80https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/579/A80http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/579/A80https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/579/A80https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/579/A80http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/579/A80GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/579/A80/tablea1 (Source list showing the position, the distance, and the evolutionary stage of all high-mass star-forming regions)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/579/A80/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/579/A80/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/579/A80/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true272.618333-19.3761110.0055555555555555566/3649 13049 14287 14307 14309 14317 14333 14353 14622 14655 14670 14689 14692 14697 15629 21439 28912 29091 29096-29097 29101 29103 29114 29461 29505 29509 29511 29513 29532 29535 30218 30245 30256 30258-30259 30262 30269 30313 30318 30328 30420 30425 30644 30691-30692 30714https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/579/A80?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/579/A80/tablea3HCO^+^, HCN, HNC, and N_2_H^+^ column density and corresponding error for each sourcerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSourceSource namemeta.id;meta.maincharHCO+HCO^+^ column densitycm**-2phys.columnDensitydoublee_HCO+rms uncertainty on HCO+ measured integrated flux and the optical depth {tau} (1)cm**-2stat.errordoubleHCN? HCN column densitycm**-2phys.columnDensitydoublenullablee_HCN? rms uncertainty on HCN measured integrated flux and the optical depth {tau} (1)cm**-2stat.errordoublenullableHNCHNC column densitycm**-2phys.columnDensitydoublee_HNCrms uncertainty on HNC measured integrated flux and the optical depth {tau} (1)cm**-2stat.errordoubleN2H+N_2_H^+^ column densitycm**-2phys.columnDensitydoublee_N2H+rms uncertainty on N2H+ measured integrated flux and the optical depth {tau} (1)cm**-2stat.errordoubleJ/A+A/579/A80/tablea1Source list showing the position, the distance, and the evolutionary stage of all high-mass star-forming regionsDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintspDisplay the data (spectra) of Paper I (Gerner et al., 2014, Cat. J/A+A/563/A97)meta.ref.urlcharSourceSource namemeta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainGLONGalactic longitudedegpos.galactic.lonGLATGalactic latitudedegpos.galactic.latfloatDistDistance (preferred one)kpcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatn_Dist[deh] Note on Dist (1)meta.notecharDist2? Alternative distancekpcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatnullablen_Dist2[fij] Note on Dist2 (1)meta.notecharTypeStage of source (4)phys.atmol.ionStagechar24um[yn- ] Embedded IRDC 24um point source ? (2)meta.notechar70um[yn- ] Embedded IRDC 70um point source ? (2)meta.notecharn_70um[cg] Note on 70um (3)meta.notecharRefSources of the dust continuum data (5)meta.id;instrcharJ/A+A/579/A80/tablea2Luminosity, H_2_, DCO^+^, DCN, DNC, and N_2_D^+^ column density and the corresponding error for each sourcerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSourceSource namemeta.id;meta.maincharlogL? Luminositylog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatnullabler_logL[a-i] Luminosity reference (2)meta.refcharNH2H_2_ column density (1)cm**-2phys.columnDensitydoublel_DCO+[<= ] Limit flag on DCO+meta.code.errorcharDCO+DCO^+^ column densitycm**-2phys.columnDensitydoublee_DCO+rms uncertainty on DCO+ measured integrated fluxcm**-2stat.errordoublel_DCN[<= ] Limit flag on DCNmeta.code.errorcharDCNDCN column densitycm**-2phys.columnDensitydoublee_DCNrms uncertainty on DCN measured integrated fluxcm**-2stat.errordoublel_DNC[<= ] Limit flag on DNCmeta.code.errorcharDNC? DNC column densitycm**-2phys.columnDensitydoublenullablee_DNCrms uncertainty on DNC measured integrated fluxcm**-2stat.errordoublel_N2D+[<= ] Limit flag on N2D+meta.code.errorcharN2D+? N_2_D^+^ column densitycm**-2phys.columnDensitydoublenullablee_N2D+rms uncertainty on N2D+ measured integrated fluxcm**-2stat.errordouble