J/A+A/578/A134ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/578/A134doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.35780134CDSSaulder C.van den Bosch R.C.E.Mieske S.2017-11-10T11:15:03Z2016-03-09T12:24:44ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiesphotometrygalaxy-classification-systemsgalaxy-kinematicsPassive galaxies at high redshift are much smaller than equally massive early types today. If this size evolution is caused by stochastic merging processes, then a small fraction of the compact galaxies should persist until today. Up to now it has not been possible to systematically identify the existence of such objects in Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We aim at finding potential survivors of these compact galaxies in SDSS, as targets for more detailed follow-up observations. From the virial theorem, it is expected that for a given mass, compact galaxies have stellar velocity dispersion higher than the mean owing to their smaller sizes. Therefore velocity dispersion, coupled with size (or mass), is an appropriate method of selecting relics, independent of the stellar population properties. Based on these considerations, we designed a set of criteria the use the distribution of early-type galaxies from SDSS on the log_10_(R_0_)-log_10_({sigma}_0_) plane to find the most extreme objects on it. We thus selected compact massive galaxy candidates by restricting them to high velocity dispersions {sigma}_0_>323.2km/s and small sizes R_0_<2.18kpc. We find 76 galaxies at 0.05<z<0.2, which have properties that are similar to the typical quiescent galaxies at high redshift. We discuss how these galaxies relate to average present-day early-type galaxies. We study how well these galaxies fit on well-known local universe relations of early-type galaxies, such as the fundamental plane, the red sequence, or mass-size relations. As expected from the selection criteria, the candidates are located in an extreme corner of the mass-size plane. However, they do not extend as deeply into the so-called zone of exclusion as some of the red nuggets found at high redshift, since they are a factor 2-3 less massive on a given intrinsic scale size. Several of our candidates are close to the size resolution limit of SDSS, but are not so small that they are classified as point sources. We find that our candidates are systematically offset on a scaling relation compared to the average early-type galaxies, but still within the general range of other early-type galaxies. Furthermore, our candidates are similar to the mass-size range expected for passive evolution of the red nuggets from their high redshift to the present. The 76 selected candidates form an appropriate set of objects for further follow-up observations. They do not constitute a separate population of peculiar galaxies, but form the extreme tail of a continuous distribution of early-type galaxies. We argue that selecting a high-velocity dispersion is the best way to find analogues of compact high redshift galaxies in the local universe.2015A&A...578A.134Shttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/578/A134CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/720/723 : Compact galaxies in the local universe (Taylor+, 2010)J/ApJS/196/11 : Bulge+disk decompositions of SDSS galaxies (Simard+, 2011)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/578/A134https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/578/A134http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/578/A134https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/578/A134https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/578/A134http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/578/A134GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/578/A134/sample (List of the basic (table 2) and derived (table 3) parameters of our candidate galaxies)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/578/A134/sample?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/578/A134/sample?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/578/A134/sample?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true236.8072-0.14220.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/578/A134/serisc (List of the basic (table B1) and derived (table B2) parameters of our alternative candidate galaxies using the Sersic fit parameters of Simard et al. (2011, Cat. J/ApJS/196/11))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/578/A134/serisc?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/578/A134/serisc?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/578/A134/serisc?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true229.424-0.70490.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/578/A134/taylor (List of the basic (table C2) and derived (table C3) parameters based on the Sersic fits from Simard et al. (2011, Cat. J/ApJS/196/11) for our alternative candidate galaxies)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/578/A134/taylor?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/578/A134/taylor?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/578/A134/taylor?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true228.8519-0.34020.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/578/A134/trujillo (List of the basic (table C4) and derived (table C5) parameters based on basic sample that are also parts of the galaxies provided in Trujillo et al. (2009ApJ...692L.118T))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/578/A134/trujillo?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/578/A134/trujillo?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/578/A134/trujillo?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true186.7713-3.22160.0055555555555555566/4102 4118 4144 4169 4193 4213 4284 4314 4319 4336 4383 4454 4488 4534 4563 4659 4758 4765 4821 5011 5030 5040 5054 5096 5238 5286 5361 5374 5536 5701 5723 5774 5820 5860 5936 5954 5987 6040 6143 6262 6410 6454 6489 6523 6614 6620 7283 7344 7359 7476 7515 7525 8230 8244-8245 8311 8327 8356 8403 8410 8415 8438 8516 8519 8639 8668 8807 8888 8970-8971 9007 9050 9067 9076 9138 9152 9187 9257 9275 9284 9286 9354 9380 9504 9607 9626 9734 9736 9816 9845 9928 9995 10020 10284 10289 10311 10403 10537 10544 10590 10594 10635 10716 10800 10845 10877 10908 10942 10987 11141 11146 11260 11418 11804 11812 12402 16893 17234 17237 17514 17570 18007 18387 18603 18771 18802 18851 18858 19056 19385 19430 19456 19669 19700 20034 21847 22001 23058 25976 25983 26173 26244 26347 26985 27052 27062 27285 27347 27459 27513 27529 27684 27781 27825 27839 27846 27866 27898 27919 27940 27984 28013 28076 28088 28104 28154 28193 28214 28229 28342 28410 28440 28472 28495 28585 28623 28662 31338 31384 31396 31461 31467 31638 324412.85864675833786e-19 3.5010283109654867e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/578/A134?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/578/A134/tablec1Cross-match list of all IDs of all galaxies used in this investigationrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSDSSSDSS DR10 IDmeta.id;meta.maincharSloanDisplay the SDSS data for this objectmeta.ref.urlcharID? Internal IDmeta.idintnullableIDS? Sersic ID (G3)meta.idintnullableIDT? Taylor et al. (2010, Cat. J/ApJ/720/723) IDmeta.idintnullableIDNY? Trujillo et al. (2009ApJ...692L.118T) IDmeta.idintnullableJ/A+A/578/A134/sampleList of the basic (table 2) and derived (table 3) parameters of our candidate galaxiesSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharb/aAxis ratio b/a (G2)phys.angSize;arith.ratiofloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDInternal ID (G1)meta.idintSDSSSDSS DR10 IDmeta.id;meta.mainRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainzRedshift already corrected for our motion relative to the CMBsrc.redshiftfloatrmagObserved apparent SDSS r magnitude (G2)magphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloate_rmagrms uncertainty on rmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.RfloataSDSSAngular semi-major axis (G2)arcsecphys.angSize;srcfloate_aSDSSrms uncertainty on aSDSSarcsecstat.errorfloatsigmaSDSSCentral velocity dispersion (G2)km/sphys.veloc.dispersioninte_sigmaSDSS? rms uncertainty on sigmaSDSSkm/sstat.errorintnullableLETGGalaxyZoo probability ETG of the galaxy being classified as an early typemeta.code.classfloatRrScale radius Rr of the galaxies measured in the SDSS r bandkpcphys.size.radiusfloate_Rrrms uncertainty on Rrkpcstat.errorfloatsigma0Corrected central velocity dispersionkm/sphys.veloc.dispersioninte_sigma0rms uncertainty on sigma0km/sstat.errorintmurSurface brightness measured in the SDSS rbandmag.arcsec**-2phot.mag.sbfloate_murrms uncertainty on murmag.arcsec**-2stat.errorfloatrMAGAbsolute magnitude in r bandmagphys.magAbsfloate_rMAGrms uncertainty on rMAGmagstat.errorfloatgMAG-rMAGg-r colour indexmagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.Rfloate_gMAG-rMAGrms uncertainty on gMAG-rMAGmagstat.errorfloatzMAGAbsolute magnitude in z bandmagphys.magAbsfloate_zMAGrms uncertainty on zMAGmagstat.errorfloatlogMdynlogarithm of the dynamical masslog(solMass)phys.massfloate_logMdynrms uncertainty on log10(Mdyn)log(solMass)stat.errorfloatlogM*logarithm of the stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloate_logM*rms uncertainty on log10(M*)log(solMass)stat.errorfloatgammadynDynamical mass-to-light ratio (in solar units M_{sun}_/L_{sun},r_)log(solMass.solLum**-1)pos.parallax.dynfloate_gammadynrms uncertainty on {gamma}dynlog(solMass.solLum**-1)stat.errorfloatgamma*Stellar mass-to-light ratio (in solar units M_{sun}_/L_{sun},r_)log(solMass.solLum**-1)phys.composition.massLightRatiofloate_gamma*rms uncertainty on {gamma}dynlog(solMass.solLum**-1)stat.errorfloatJ/A+A/578/A134/seriscList of the basic (table B1) and derived (table B2) parameters of our alternative candidate galaxies using the Sersic fit parameters of Simard et al. (2011, Cat. J/ApJS/196/11)SimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDInternal ID (G1)meta.idintSDSSSDSS DR10 IDmeta.id;meta.mainRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainzRedshift already corrected for our motion relative to the CMBsrc.redshiftfloatrmagObserved apparent SDSS r magnitude (G2)magphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloate_rmagrms uncertainty on rmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.RfloataSDSSAngular semi-major axis (G2)arcsecphys.angSize;srcfloate_aSDSSrms uncertainty on aSDSSarcsecstat.errorfloatsigmaSDSSCentral velocity dispersion (G2)km/sphys.veloc.dispersioninte_sigmaSDSS? rms uncertainty on sigmaSDSSkm/sstat.errorintnullablenSSersic indexstat.fit.paramfloate_nSrms uncertainty on nSstat.errorfloatLETGGalaxyZoo probability of the galaxy being classified as an early-typemeta.code.classfloatIDSSersic IDmeta.idintRrScale radius of the galaxy measured in the SDSS r bandkpcphys.size.radiusfloate_Rrrms uncertainty on Rrkpcstat.errorfloatsigma0Corrected central velocity dispersionkm/sphys.veloc.dispersioninte_sigma0rms uncertainty on sigma0km/sstat.errorintmurSurface brightness measured in the SDSS r bandmag.arcsec**-2phot.mag.sb;em.opt.Rfloate_murrms uncertainty on murmag.arcsec**-2stat.errorfloatrMAGAbsolute magnitude in r bandmagphys.magAbsfloate_rMAGrms uncertainty on rMAGmagstat.errorfloatgMAG-rMAGg-r colour indexmagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.Rfloate_gMAG-rMAGrms uncertainty on gMAG-rMAGmagstat.errorfloatlogMdynlogarithm of the dynamical masslog(solMass)phys.massfloate_logMdynrms uncertainty on logMdynlog(solMass)stat.errorfloatlogM*logarithm of the stellar mass M*log(solMass)phys.massfloate_logM*rms uncertainty on logM*log(solMass)stat.errorfloatgammadynDynamical mass-to-light ratiolog(solMass.solLum**-1)pos.parallax.dynfloate_gammadynrms uncertainty on GammaDynlog(solMass.solLum**-1)stat.errorfloatgamma*Stellar mass-to-light ratiolog(solMass.solLum**-1)phys.composition.massLightRatiofloate_gamma*rms uncertainty on Gamma*log(solMass.solLum**-1)stat.errorfloatJ/A+A/578/A134/taylorList of the basic (table C2) and derived (table C3) parameters based on the Sersic fits from Simard et al. (2011, Cat. J/ApJS/196/11) for our alternative candidate galaxiesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDTTaylor et al. (2010, Cat. J/ApJ/720/723) IDmeta.idintSDSSSDSS DR10 IDmeta.id;meta.mainRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainzRedshift already corrected for our motion relative to the CMB.src.redshiftfloatrmagObserved apparent SDSS r magnitude (G2)magphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloate_rmagrms uncertainty on rmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.RfloataSDSSAngular semi-major axis (G2)arcsecphys.angSize;srcfloate_aSDSSrms uncertainty on aSDSSarcsecstat.errorfloatsigmaSDSSCentral velocity dispersion (G2)km/sphys.veloc.dispersioninte_sigmaSDSS? rms uncertainty on sigmaSDSSkm/sstat.errorintnullableb/aAxis ratio b/a (G2)phys.angSize;arith.ratiofloatLETGGalaxyZoo probability ETG of the galaxy being classified as an early typemeta.code.classfloatRrScale radius of the galaxy measured in the SDSS r bandkpcphys.size.radiusfloate_Rrrms uncertainty on Rrkpcstat.errorfloatsigma0Corrected central velocity dispersionkm/sphys.veloc.dispersioninte_sigma0rms uncertainty on sigma0km/sstat.errorintmurSurface brightness measured in the SDSS r bandmag.arcsec**-2phot.mag.sb;em.opt.Rfloate_murrms uncertainty on murmag.arcsec**-2stat.errorfloatrMAGAbsolute magnitude in r bandmagphys.magAbsfloate_rMAGrms uncertainty on rMAGmagstat.errorfloatgMAG-rMAGg-r colour indexmagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.Rfloate_gMAG-rMAGrms uncertainty on gMAG-rMAGmagstat.errorfloatzMAGAbsolute magnitude in z bandmagphys.magAbsfloate_zMAGrms uncertainty on zMAGmagstat.errorfloatlogMdynlogarithm of the dynamical masslog(solMass)phys.massfloate_logMdynrms uncertainty on logMdynlog(solMass)stat.errorfloatlogM*logarithm of the stellar mass M*log(solMass)phys.massfloate_logM*rms uncertainty on logM*log(solMass)stat.errorfloatgammadynDynamical mass-to-light ratio (in solar units M_{sun}_/L_{sun},r_)log(solMass.solLum**-1)pos.parallax.dynfloate_gammadynrms uncertainty on GammaDynlog(solMass.solLum**-1)stat.errorfloatgamma*Stellar mass-to-light ratio (in solar units M_{sun}_/L_{sun},r_)log(solMass.solLum**-1)phys.composition.massLightRatiofloate_gamma*rms uncertainty on Gamma*log(solMass.solLum**-1)stat.errorfloatJ/A+A/578/A134/trujilloList of the basic (table C4) and derived (table C5) parameters based on basic sample that are also parts of the galaxies provided in Trujillo et al. (2009ApJ...692L.118T)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDNYTrujillo et al. (2009ApJ...692L.118T) IDmeta.idintSDSSSDSS DR10 IDmeta.id;meta.mainRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainzRedshift already corrected for our motion relative to the CMBsrc.redshiftfloatrmagObserved apparent SDSS r magnitude (G2)magphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloate_rmagrms uncertainty on rmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.RfloataSDSSAngular semi-major axis (G2)arcsecphys.angSize;srcfloate_aSDSSrms uncertainty on aSDSSarcsecstat.errorfloatsigmaSDSSCentral velocity dispersion (G2)km/sphys.veloc.dispersioninte_sigmaSDSS? rms uncertainty on sigmaSDSSkm/sstat.errorintnullableb/aAxis ratio b/a (G2)phys.angSize;arith.ratiofloatLETGGalaxyZoo probability ETG of the galaxy being classified as an early typemeta.code.classfloatRrScale radius of the galaxy measured in the SDSS r bandkpcphys.size.radiusfloate_Rrrms uncertainty on Rrkpcstat.errorfloatsigma0Corrected central velocity dispersionkm/sphys.veloc.dispersioninte_sigma0rms uncertainty on sigma0km/sstat.errorintmurSurface brightness measured in the SDSS r bandmag.arcsec**-2phot.mag.sb;em.opt.Rfloate_murrms uncertainty on murmag.arcsec**-2stat.errorfloatrMAGAbsolute magnitude in r bandmagphys.magAbsfloate_rMAGrms uncertainty on rMAGmagstat.errorfloatgMAG-rMAGg-r colour indexmagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.Rfloate_gMAG-rMAGrms uncertainty on gMAG-rMAGmagstat.errorfloatzMAGAbsolute magnitude in z bandmagphys.magAbsfloate_zMAGrms uncertainty on zMAGmagstat.errorfloatlogMdynlogarithm of the dynamical masslog(solMass)phys.massfloate_logMdynrms uncertainty on logMdynlog(solMass)stat.errorfloatlogM*logarithm of the stellar mass M*log(solMass)phys.massfloate_logM*rms uncertainty on logM*log(solMass)stat.errorfloatgammadynDynamical mass-to-light ratiolog(solMass.solLum**-1)pos.parallax.dynfloate_gammadynrms uncertainty on gammadynlog(solMass.solLum**-1)stat.errorfloatgamma*Stellar mass-to-light ratiolog(solMass.solLum**-1)phys.composition.massLightRatiofloate_gamma*rms uncertainty on gamma*log(solMass.solLum**-1)stat.errorfloat