J/A+A/548/A90ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/548/A90doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.35480090CDSKaralidi T.Stam D.M.Hovenier J.W.2013-06-10T16:01:31Z2013-01-18T10:05:16ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frastronomical-modelssolar-system-planetspolarimetryLooking for the primary rainbow in starlight that is reflected by exoplanets appears to be a promising method to search for liquid water clouds in exoplanetary atmospheres. Ice water clouds, that consist of water crystals instead of water droplets, could potentially mask the rainbow feature in the planetary signal by covering liquid water clouds. Here, we investigate the strength of the rainbow feature for exoplanets that have liquid and icy water clouds in their atmosphere, and calculate the rainbow feature for a realistic cloud coverage of Earth. We calculate flux and polarization signals of starlight that is reflected by horizontally and vertically inhomogeneous Earth-like exoplanets, covered by patchy clouds consisting of liquid water droplets or water ice crystals. The planetary surfaces are black.2012A&A...548A..90Khttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/548/A90CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/548/A90https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/548/A90http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/548/A90https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/548/A90https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/548/A90http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/548/A90GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapdefaultJ/A+A/548/A90/fig5Planet with various cloud coverages at 550nmrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintCov[0/100] Cloud coverage%phys.areafloatphi[0/180] Phase angle {alpha} (G1)degsrc.orbitalfloatpi*FnReflected total flux, {pi}*F_n_phys.albedodoublepi*FnpPolarized flux, {pi}*F_n,p_phys.albedodoublePDegree of polarizationphys.polarizationdoubleJ/A+A/548/A90/fig7Planet with various cloud coverages at 865nmrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintCov[0/100] Cloud coverage%phys.areafloatphi[0/180] Phase angle {alpha} (G1)degsrc.orbitalfloatpi*FnReflected total flux, {pi}*F_n_phys.albedodoublepi*FnpPolarized flux, {pi}*F_n,p_phys.albedodoublePDegree of polarizationphys.polarizationdoubleJ/A+A/548/A90/fig8Planet with two cloud layers of liquid water with various optical thicknesses at 550nm (G2)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintphi[0/180] Phase angle {alpha} (G1)degsrc.orbitalfloatpi*Fn(10,1)Reflected flux for b_B_=10, b_A_=1 (G2)phys.albedodoublepi*Fnp(10,1)Polarized flux for b_B_=10, b_A_=1 (G2)phys.albedodoubleP(10,1)Polarization degree for b_B_=10, b_A_=1 (G2)phys.polarizationdoublepi*Fn(2,1)Reflected flux for b_B_=2, b_A_=1 (G2)phys.albedodoublepi*Fnp(2,1)Polarized flux for b_B_=2, b_A_=1 (G2)phys.albedodoubleP(2,1)Polarization degree for b_B_=2, b_A_=1 (G2)phys.polarizationdoublepi*Fn(0,1)Reflected flux for b_B_=0, b_A_=1 (G2)phys.albedodoublepi*Fnp(0,1)Polarized flux for b_B_=0, b_A_=1 (G2)phys.albedodoubleP(0,1)Polarization degree for b_B_=0, b_A_=1 (G2)phys.polarizationdoublepi*Fn(10,0)Reflected flux for b_B_=10, b_A_=0 (G2)phys.albedodoublepi*Fnp(10,0)Polarized flux for b_B_=10, b_A_=0 (G2)phys.albedodoubleP(10,0)Polarization degree for b_B_=10, b_A_=0 (G2)phys.polarizationdoublepi*Fn(2,0)Reflected flux for b_B_=2, b_A_=0 (G2)phys.albedodoublepi*Fnp(2,0)Polarized flux for b_B_=2, b_A_=0 (G2)phys.albedodoubleP(2,0)Polarization degree for b_B_=2, b_A_=0 (G2)phys.polarizationdoubleJ/A+A/548/A90/fig9Planet with two cloud layers, top layer icy cloud of variable optical thicknessrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintlambdaWavelength {lambda}nmem.wlfloatphi[0/180] Phase angle {alpha} (G1)degsrc.orbitalfloatpi*FnReflected total flux, {pi}*F_n_phys.albedodoublePDegree of polarizationphys.polarizationdoubleJ/A+A/548/A90/fig10Planet with two cloud layers, top layer icy cloud of thickness b=2 at various wavelengthsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintbIce cloud optical thicknessphys.absorption.opticalDepthfloatphi[0/180] Phase angle {alpha} (G1)degsrc.orbitalfloatpi*FnReflected total flux, {pi}*F_n_phys.albedodoublepi*FnpPolarized flux, {pi}*F_n,p_phys.albedodoublePDegree of polarizationphys.polarizationdoubleJ/A+A/548/A90/fig12Planet with two cloud layers (top layer ice); the top layer covers 40% of the underlying liquid water clouds at various wavelengthsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintlambdaWavelength {lambda}nmem.wlfloatphi[0/180] Phase angle {alpha} (G1)degsrc.orbitalfloatpi*FnReflected total flux, {pi}*F_n_phys.albedodoublePDegree of polarizationphys.polarizationdoubleJ/A+A/548/A90/fig14Model planet with 2 cloud layers: an ice water cloud and a liquid water cloud layer; based on data from MODIS/Aqua database.lambdaWavelength {lambda}nmem.wlfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintphi[0/180] Phase angle {alpha} (G1)degsrc.orbitalfloatpi*FnReflected total flux, {pi}*F_n_phys.albedodoublePDegree of polarizationphys.polarizationdoubleJ/A+A/548/A90/fig11Planet with two cloud layers (top layer ice); the top layer covers a variable percentage of the underlying liquid water cloudsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintCov[0/100] Cloud coverage%phys.areafloatphi[0/180] Phase angle {alpha} (G1)degsrc.orbitalfloatpi*FnReflected total flux, {pi}*F_n_phys.albedodoublePDegree of polarizationphys.polarizationdouble